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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
05:04

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

Published on: May 5, 2020

[Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders].

C Pieh1, W A Lagrèze

  • 1Universitätsaugenklinik Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106 Freiburg. christina.pieh@uniklinik-freiburg.de

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) cause infant strabismus due to nerve miswiring. This review covers common CCDDs, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for better patient outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
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Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) account for 1-2% of infantile strabismus.
  • These disorders result from aberrant nerve innervation affecting eye muscles.

Purpose:

  • To review the most common congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders.
  • To explain the pathogenesis and clinical features of CCDDs.
  • To outline diagnostic strategies and treatment options for CCDDs.

Summary:

  • CCDDs involve insufficient or misdirected nerve signals to ocular muscles.
  • Key features include motility restrictions and synkinesis.
  • This review details common CCDDs, their underlying mechanisms, and clinical manifestations.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians diagnosing and managing CCDDs.
  • Enhances understanding of the pathophysiology of these rare neurological conditions.
  • Aids in the development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for affected infants.