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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

Published on: August 15, 2016

Fexofenadine/cyclodextrin inclusion complexation: phase solubility, thermodynamic, physicochemical, and computational

Mahmoud M Al Omari¹, Adnan A Badwan, Mohammad B Zughul

¹The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company, Naor, Jordan. momari@jpm.com.jo

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

|December 7, 2007

Summary

Fexofenadine forms inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins, with beta-cyclodextrin showing the highest affinity. Hydrophobic interactions and Van der Waals forces are the primary drivers for complex formation, enhancing drug solubility and stability.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

Published on: August 15, 2016

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs

Published on: July 27, 2022

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Physical Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Fexofenadine is a widely used antihistamine.
Cyclodextrins are known to form inclusion complexes with various drugs.
Understanding drug-cyclodextrin interactions is crucial for drug formulation and delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the inclusion complexation of fexofenadine with different cyclodextrins.
To elucidate the driving forces and stability of these complexes.
To explore the influence of environmental factors on complex formation.

Main Methods:

Phase solubility studies
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
X-ray Powder Diffractometry (XRPD)
(1)H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H-NMR)
Molecular Mechanical Modeling (MM(+))

Main Results:

Complex formation followed the order: beta-CD > HP-beta-CD > gamma-CD > alpha-CD.
Hydrophobic effect (desolvation) contributed ~76% to the driving force.
Van der Waals forces were identified as the dominant interaction by MM(+) modeling.
Complex formation was confirmed in both aqueous solution and solid state.

Conclusions:

Beta-cyclodextrin is the most effective cyclodextrin for fexofenadine complexation.
The complexation is primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions and Van der Waals forces.
The formed inclusion complexes exhibit enhanced stability and can be utilized in pharmaceutical formulations.