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Standing Waves

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

Propagation of Waves

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Interference and Superposition of Waves

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...

Reflection of Waves

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...

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Lateral resolution enhancement with standing evanescent waves.

G E Cragg, P T So

|December 7, 2007

Summary

A novel fluorescence microscopy method achieves super-resolution imaging, surpassing previous limits by using standing evanescent waves. This technique enhances image quality by combining multiple images, offering a significant advancement in high-resolution imaging.

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Microscopy Techniques
Biophysical Imaging

Background:

High-resolution imaging is crucial for understanding cellular structures and processes.
Conventional fluorescence microscopy is limited by diffraction, restricting achievable resolution.
Developing advanced microscopy techniques is essential for pushing the boundaries of biological and material science research.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique with improved lateral resolution.
To investigate the use of standing evanescent waves for enhanced sample excitation.
To theoretically analyze the performance of the developed microscopy system.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a total-internal-reflection geometry to generate standing evanescent waves.

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Spatially modulating sample excitation using generated evanescent waves.

Formation of a 2D image through a weighted sum of images captured at varying phases and directions.

Theoretical calculation of the point-spread function and optical transfer function to evaluate system performance.

Main Results:

Achieved a lateral resolution better than one-sixth of the emission wavelength (full width at half maximum).
Demonstrated the capability of standing evanescent waves to spatially modulate excitation.
Provided theoretical analysis of the system's imaging performance.

Conclusions:

The developed fluorescence microscopy technique offers significantly enhanced lateral resolution.
The use of standing evanescent waves is effective for improving excitation and image quality.
Theoretical performance analysis validates the potential of this super-resolution microscopy approach.