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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...
Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Raman gain measurement in solid parahydrogen.

M Katsuragawa, K Hakuta

    Optics Letters
    |December 7, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers measured steady-state Raman gain in solid parahydrogen using a 532 nm pump laser. They achieved significant amplification for the Q(1)(0) transition, demonstrating potential for laser applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Condensed matter physics
    • Laser spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Solid parahydrogen is a quantum fluid with unique spectroscopic properties.
    • Raman gain spectroscopy is a technique used to measure light amplification in materials.
    • Understanding gain mechanisms in solid hydrogen is crucial for developing new optical devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the first steady-state Raman gain measurement of the Q(1)(0) transition in solid parahydrogen.
    • To quantify the Raman gain coefficient and amplification factor.
    • To assess the potential of solid parahydrogen as a gain medium.

    Main Methods:

    • Continuous-wave laser pumping at 532 nm.
    • Measurement of probe-laser beam amplification at the first Stokes transition (683 nm).

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    Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems
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    A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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    A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

    Published on: August 17, 2016

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    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
    14:11

    Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

    Published on: March 29, 2016

    Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems
    07:44

    Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

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    A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
    06:32

    A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

    Published on: August 17, 2016

  • Calculation of steady-state Raman gain coefficient and single-pass amplification.

    • Main Results:

    • A large single-pass amplification coefficient of 2.3 ± 0.2 was achieved.
    • The steady-state Raman gain coefficient was measured to be 18 ± 3 cm/MW.
    • Measurements were performed at a pump intensity of 46 kW/cm² with a 1 cm interaction length.

    Conclusions:

    • Solid parahydrogen exhibits significant steady-state Raman gain.
    • The Q(1)(0) transition in solid parahydrogen can support efficient light amplification.
    • These findings suggest potential applications in laser development and optical amplification using solid parahydrogen.