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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

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Effectiveness of paraeducator-supplemented individual instruction: beyond basic decoding skills.

Patricia F Vadasy¹, Elizabeth A Sanders, Sarah Tudor

¹Washington Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. pvadasy@wri-edu.org

Journal of Learning Disabilities

|December 11, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early phonics intervention significantly boosts reading skills for struggling students. Supplemental instruction by trained paraeducators proved more effective when delivered earlier in the school year.

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Area of Science:

Education
Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Many students in early elementary grades struggle with foundational word-level reading skills.
Effective interventions are crucial to prevent long-term reading difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental phonics-based reading instruction delivered by paraeducators.
To compare the impact of early versus later intervention timing.

Main Methods:

46 second and third graders with low word-level skills were randomly assigned to early (October-March) or late (March-May) intervention groups.
Trained paraeducators provided 30-minute, 4-day-per-week individual phonics instruction.
Reading accuracy, passage fluency, and spelling were assessed at multiple time points.

Main Results:

The early treatment group showed significantly higher reading accuracy and passage fluency than the late treatment group at the March posttest.
Early intervention students maintained gains at follow-up, with third graders showing superior spelling.
The early treatment group demonstrated greater gains per instructional hour compared to the late treatment group.

Conclusions:

Supplemental phonics instruction delivered by trained paraeducators is valuable for students with low word-level skills.
Earlier intervention yields more significant and efficient gains in reading accuracy and fluency.
Phonics instruction is effective in improving word identification and reading fluency for struggling readers.