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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes
10:04

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

Published on: May 26, 2014

Two-line atomic fluorescence as a temperature probe for highly sooting flames.

J Engström, J Nygren, M Aldén

    Optics Letters
    |December 11, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) using indium atoms shows promise for 2D temperature measurements in sooting flames. This technique works where others fail due to indium

    Area of Science:

    • Combustion science
    • Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
    • Thermometry

    Background:

    • Accurate temperature measurements are crucial for understanding combustion processes, especially in sooting and fuel-rich flames.
    • Conventional thermometry methods often face limitations in harsh combustion environments due to interferences and optical access issues.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) using seeded indium atoms for temperature measurements in highly sooting flames.
    • To assess TLAF's suitability for two-dimensional (2D) temperature mapping in challenging combustion conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Seeding the flame with indium atoms.
    • Utilizing two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) spectroscopy.
    • Analyzing spectral data to determine flame temperature.

    More Related Videos

    Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
    10:29

    Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

    Published on: June 1, 2016

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes
    10:04

    Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

    Published on: May 26, 2014

    Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
    10:29

    Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

    Published on: June 1, 2016

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Main Results:

    • TLAF with indium atoms demonstrated applicability for temperature measurements in highly sooting, fuel-rich flames.
    • The technique proved effective in conditions where other thermometry methods failed.
    • No spectral interference was observed from native flame species at the detected TLAF wavelengths.
    • The indium atomization process exhibited superior characteristics for this application.

    Conclusions:

    • TLAF using seeded indium atoms is a promising technique for 2D temperature measurements in sooting and fuel-rich flames.
    • Its robustness in challenging environments makes it a valuable alternative to conventional thermometry.
    • Further investigation into the advantages and limitations of TLAF is warranted.