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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Published on: March 24, 2020

Does infantile esotropia arise from a dissociated deviation?

Michael C Brodsky¹, Katherine J Fray

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. brodsky.michael@mayo.edu

Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)

|December 12, 2007

Summary

Extraocular muscle tonus is crucial for maintaining eye alignment. Disrupted visual input in early life can lead to increased esotonus and infantile esotropia.

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Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

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Published on: July 21, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Physiology

Background:

Muscle tonus describes baseline innervation in awake individuals.
The natural eye resting position is exodeviation.
Extraocular muscle tonus is vital for ocular alignment.

Purpose of the Study:

To explain the role of extraocular muscle tonus in maintaining ocular alignment.
To elucidate the mechanism leading to infantile esotropia.

Main Methods:

Review of physiological principles of muscle tonus.
Analysis of the impact of early-life visual input on ocular alignment.

Main Results:

Normal ocular alignment is achieved through a combination of anatomical resting position (exodeviation) and superimposed binocular esotonus.
Early disruption of binocular vision can result in increased monocular fixation-driven esotonus.
This increased esotonus can lead to the eyes converging, causing infantile esotropia.

Conclusions:

Extraocular muscle tonus is a key factor in preventing significant eye deviation.
Disruptions in visual development can alter tonus, leading to conditions like infantile esotropia.