Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026
07:55
A Multi-Parametric Islet Perifusion System within a Microfluidic Perifusion Device
Published on: January 26, 2010
The future of open- and closed-loop insulin delivery systems
Terry G Farmer1, Thomas F Edgar, Nicholas A Peppas
1Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA.
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
|December 20, 2007
Summary
This review analyzes insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) management, focusing on glucose control systems. Future research should prioritize advanced multivariable models for closed-loop systems.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases
- Biomedical Engineering
- Control Systems Theory
Background:
- Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) requires continuous glucose monitoring and management.
- Current diabetes control strategies face challenges in mimicking physiological glucose homeostasis.
- Technological advancements are crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review existing models and control algorithms for glucose homeostasis in IDDM.
- To analyze research on polymeric insulin infusion systems for diabetes management.
- To provide recommendations for developing advanced closed-loop glucose control systems.
Main Methods:
- Expert review of literature on glucose metabolic system and diabetes complications.
- Analysis of control algorithms and models for glucose homeostasis.
- Evaluation of research on polymeric insulin infusion systems.
Main Results:
- A comprehensive overview of current glucose control strategies and their limitations.
- Identification of key research areas, including polymeric insulin delivery systems.
- Assessment of the progress and challenges in developing artificial pancreas technologies.
Conclusions:
- Future closed-loop systems require multivariable models to manage complex physiological interactions.
- In-vivo assessments are essential for validating implicit closed-loop control systems.
- Advancements in control systems and insulin delivery are critical for effective IDDM management.
Related Concept Videos
01:27Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
01:17Open and closed-loop control systems
Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
01:22Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
01:28Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices
Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
01:19Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
01:19Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview
Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...