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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

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Flap designs for lower lip reconstruction.

Robert A Ord¹, Alexander E Pazoki

¹Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Baltimore College of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. rord@umm.edu

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America

|December 20, 2007

Summary

Innervated flaps are ideal for lower lip reconstruction, providing mucosa, muscle, and skin. The best flap choice for lower lip defects depends on the specific defect size and shape.

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Area of Science:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Lower lip defects often require complex reconstruction.
Ideal reconstruction aims to restore form and function, including sensation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and illustrate suitable innervated flaps for lower lip reconstruction.
To guide flap selection based on defect characteristics.

Main Methods:

Review of surgical techniques for lower lip reconstruction.
Illustration of specific flap designs used by the authors.
Case-based examples correlating defect with flap choice.

Main Results:

Innervated flaps offer superior functional and aesthetic outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

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Published on: June 8, 2013

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

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Flap selection is contingent upon defect size, depth, and location.

Specific flaps are presented for various vermilionectomy and lower lip defects.

Conclusions:

Innervated flaps are the gold standard for lower lip reconstruction.
Tailored flap selection ensures optimal functional and aesthetic restoration.
The presented techniques address a range of lower lip reconstructive challenges.