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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
07:39

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Long-wavelength (lambda approximately 8-11.5 microm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons.

C Sirtori, C Gmachl, F Capasso

    Optics Letters
    |December 20, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Quantum cascade (QC) lasers utilize surface plasmons at metal-semiconductor interfaces for novel waveguides. This design offers reduced thickness and enhanced confinement, enabling compact laser devices.

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    Published on: July 21, 2018

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Physics

    Background:

    • Conventional semiconductor waveguides require multiple cladding layers, increasing device thickness.
    • Surface plasmon waveguides offer potential for miniaturization and improved light confinement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate laser waveguides utilizing surface plasmons at a metal-semiconductor interface in quantum cascade (QC) lasers.
    • To evaluate the performance characteristics of these novel waveguides.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of QC lasers incorporating metal (Pd or Ti-Au) and semiconductor layers.
    • Characterization of guided modes as transverse magnetic polarized surface waves.
    • Measurement of output power and operating temperature at different wavelengths (8-11.5 microm).

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of surface plasmon waveguides in QC lasers, guiding transverse magnetic polarized surface waves.
    • Achieved a peak output power exceeding 25 mW at 90 K for an 8-microm laser, with a maximum operating temperature of 150 K.
    • Observed peak power of several milliwatts and a maximum operating temperature of 110 K for an 11.5-microm laser.

    Conclusions:

    • Surface plasmon waveguides in QC lasers offer advantages like reduced layer thickness and higher confinement factors.
    • These waveguides enable strong coupling to the active material, suitable for devices like distributed-feedback lasers.
    • Increased absorption losses are a trade-off for the benefits of surface plasmon waveguides.