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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2
11:32

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Electron crystallography: imaging and single-crystal diffraction from powders.

Xiaodong Zou1, Sven Hovmöller

  • 1Structural Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. zou@struc.su.se

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|December 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron crystallography enables atomic-level crystal structure determination using smaller crystals and phase information lost in X-ray diffraction. This technique offers a powerful complement for analyzing complex inorganic materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Electron crystallography complements X-ray diffraction for atomic-level crystal structure analysis.
  • It offers advantages such as studying significantly smaller crystals and retrieving phase information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments and applications of electron crystallography.
  • To highlight its capabilities in solving crystal structures at atomic resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and electron diffraction data.
  • Employing techniques such as three-dimensional reconstruction, electron precession, and ultrafast electron crystallography.

Main Results:

  • Atomic resolution structures can be determined in both 2D and 3D.
  • Demonstrated applications primarily focus on inorganic crystals.
  • No inherent limitation to the complexity of solvable crystal structures.

Conclusions:

  • Electron crystallography is a versatile and powerful technique for atomic-resolution structure determination.
  • It provides unique advantages over X-ray diffraction for certain types of samples and analyses.