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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
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Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

Complement-HIV interactions during all steps of viral pathogenesis.

Heribert Stoiber1, Zoltan Banki, Doris Wilflingseder

  • 1Department of Hygiene, Microbiology & Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. heribert.stoiber@i-med.ac.at

Vaccine
|January 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The complement system, a key part of immunity, is activated early and continuously to control HIV. This review examines how HIV evades complement destruction throughout infection.

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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects host cells by crossing the endothelial barrier.
  • The host's immune system, including the complement system, responds immediately to HIV.
  • Complement activation is an early and ongoing event in HIV pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the role of the complement system in early and late stages of HIV pathogenesis.
  • To review the mechanisms HIV employs to escape complement-mediated destruction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HIV and the complement system.
  • Analysis of complement's involvement in immune response induction and modification.
  • Examination of HIV evasion strategies against complement.

Main Results:

  • Complement system activation is a critical early host defense against HIV.
  • Complement influences both innate and adaptive immune responses during HIV infection.
  • HIV utilizes specific escape mechanisms to evade complement-mediated clearance.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system plays a multifaceted role throughout HIV pathogenesis.
  • Understanding HIV's complement evasion strategies is crucial for therapeutic development.