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Related Concept Videos

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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Role of Myosin in Cell Migration01:18

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Myosins are multimeric motor proteins involved in various cellular processes such as migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Myosin II is the most common type in animal cells, which binds and cross-links actin filaments.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Traction Microscopy Integrated with Microfluidics for Chemotactic Collective Migration
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Cytoplasmic force gradient in migrating adhesive cells.

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    Migrating cells generate an internal force gradient, driven by myosin II, that propels components forward. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining directional cell migration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Amoeboid movement relies on intracellular pressure gradients for cytoplasmic streaming.
    • The mechanisms of force generation in migrating adhesive cells remain less understood.

    Discussion:

    • Microinjection of polyacrylamide (PAA) into NIH3T3 fibroblasts revealed directional movement of PAA aggregates.
    • PAA preferentially translocated from the posterior to the anterior of migrating cells, indicating a forward-directed force.
    • This phenomenon was dependent on cell polarity and myosin II activity.

    Key Insights:

    • A myosin II-dependent intracellular force gradient exists in migrating fibroblasts.
    • Differential cortical contractions between anterior and posterior cell regions likely generate this force gradient.
    • The force gradient facilitates the transport of cellular components and maintains migratory directionality.

    Outlook:

    • Further investigation into the precise regulation of myosin II-mediated forces.
    • Exploring the role of this force gradient in other cell migration contexts.
    • Potential therapeutic targeting of this mechanism in diseases involving cell migration.