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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: a computer-based human brain model study.

Tim Wagner¹, Uri Eden, Felipe Fregni

¹Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA. twagner@alum.mit.edu

Experimental Brain Research

|January 15, 2008

Summary

Cortical brain atrophy significantly alters transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) induced currents. Accurate TMS targeting in atrophic brains requires models accounting for these electromagnetic field-tissue interactions, not just healthy brain data.

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 27, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Imaging

Background:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique.
Cortical atrophy, characterized by reduced brain volume and widened sulci, is common in neurological conditions.
The impact of cortical atrophy on TMS-induced electric fields is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how cortical atrophy affects the electric currents induced by TMS.
To compare TMS-induced currents in atrophic brain models versus healthy brain models.
To evaluate the accuracy of predictive models for TMS current density in atrophic brains.

Main Methods:

Utilized MRI-derived finite element head models representing varying degrees of cortical atrophy.
Simulated electric currents induced by different TMS configurations.
Analyzed current density magnitude, location, and orientation in cortical regions.
Assessed predictive models of current density attenuation based on scalp-to-cortex distance.

Main Results:

Current densities induced in the cortex were dependent on the degree and type of atrophy.
Atrophy altered the magnitude, location, and orientation of induced currents compared to healthy models.
Predictive models ignoring electromagnetic field-tissue interactions yielded inaccurate conclusions.
Scalp-to-cortex distance alone was insufficient to predict current density changes.

Conclusions:

Cortical atrophy significantly modifies TMS-induced current patterns.
Healthy brain models are inadequate for predicting TMS effects in atrophic brains.
Clinical applications of TMS in patients with brain atrophy require careful consideration of these altered current dynamics.