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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Published on: September 11, 2016

Artificial recharge through a thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zone.

John A Izbicki¹, Alan L Flint, Christina L Stamos

¹US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. jaizbick@usgs.gov

|January 16, 2008

Summary

Artificial recharge in desert areas is possible, even in thick unsaturated zones. This study demonstrated successful water infiltration and movement to the water table, showing potential for significant groundwater level increases.

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Area of Science:

Hydrogeology
Environmental Engineering
Water Resource Management

Background:

Thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zones in desert areas are typically unsuitable for artificial recharge.
Previous research has not explored the potential of such environments for groundwater replenishment.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the feasibility of artificial recharge using ponds in desert settings with thick unsaturated zones.
To quantify water movement and solute transport through the unsaturated zone to the water table.

Main Methods:

Infiltration of 1.3 x 10^6 m^3 of water through a 0.36-ha pond over three years.
Monitoring of downward water movement using sensors in the unsaturated zone.
Numerical simulations using the TOUGH2 computer program to model water movement and solute transport.

Main Results:

Initial downward water movement rates reached 6 m/d, decreasing with depth.
Water reached the water table in 1 year after the unsaturated zone was initially wetted (3 years initially).
Soluble salts and nitrate showed high mobility, while arsenic and chromium were less mobile.

Conclusions:

Artificial recharge is feasible in desert areas with thick unsaturated zones, challenging previous assumptions.
Numerical simulations accurately predicted water movement and arrival at the water table.
Projected annual recharge could lead to significant groundwater level rises, benefiting nearby urban areas.