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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Veins of Upper Limbs

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...

Healing II: Complications

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Published on: January 12, 2017

[Mastectomy complications: upper limb lymphedema].

Iolanda Veiros¹, Renato Nunes, Fernando Martins

¹Serviço de Medicina Física e Reabilitação, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra.

Acta Medica Portuguesa

|January 17, 2008

Summary

Upper limb lymphedema, a common mastectomy complication, requires effective treatments. This review covers its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Lymphedema Research
Post-Mastectomy Care

Context:

Upper limb lymphedema frequently occurs after mastectomy.
The severity of lymphedema necessitates effective therapeutic interventions.
Understanding the pathology is key for patient management.

Purpose:

To review the epidemiology of upper limb lymphedema post-mastectomy.
To outline the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods.
To summarize current treatment modalities for this condition.

Summary:

This literature revision details the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of upper limb lymphedema.
It emphasizes the importance of therapeutic efficacy due to the condition's prevalence and severity.

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Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

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The study provides a comprehensive overview of the pathology.

Impact:

Informs clinical practice regarding lymphedema management.
Highlights areas for future research in therapeutic efficacy.
Improves understanding of a significant post-mastectomy complication.