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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Water clusters (H2O)n, n=6-8, in external electric fields.

Dhurba Rai¹, Anant D Kulkarni, Shridhar P Gejji

¹Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|January 22, 2008

Summary

Applying an electric field to water clusters (H2O)n, n=6-8, breaks hydrogen bonds, causing structural changes and increasing dipole moments. Low fields significantly alter cluster configurations.

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Published on: September 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Water clusters ((H2O)n) exhibit complex structures governed by hydrogen bonding.
Understanding their response to external stimuli is crucial for various chemical and physical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural evolution of small water clusters (n=6-8) under a uniform static electric field.
To determine the impact of electric fields on hydrogen bond integrity and cluster morphology.

Main Methods:

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
Simulations analyzed the structural and energetic changes of water clusters with varying electric field strengths.

Main Results:

Electric fields stretch and break intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water clusters above a threshold.
Clusters transform to lower energy configurations, exhibiting increased dipole moments and altered 3D structures (linear, branched, netlike).
Hydrogen bond numbers generally decrease with increasing field strength; low fields significantly alter low-energy configurations.

Conclusions:

External electric fields can induce significant structural transformations in water clusters.
The applied field acts as a coordinate, influencing cluster energy landscapes and promoting monomer alignment.
This study provides insights into the field-induced behavior of water at the nanoscale.