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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli
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A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Published on: August 12, 2016

Glycemic variability: should we and can we prevent it?

Louis Monnier1, Claude Colette

  • 1Department of Metabolic Diseases, Lapeyronie Hospital, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. l-monnier@chu-montpellier.fr

Diabetes Care
|February 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes management requires reducing both chronic high blood sugar and acute glucose swings. Emerging therapies like GLP-1 agonists and DPP-IV inhibitors show promise in stabilizing glucose levels and improving overall glycemic control.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli
08:01

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Published on: August 12, 2016

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is defined by chronic hyperglycemia and acute glucose fluctuations.
  • Sustained hyperglycemia causes detrimental effects via protein glycation and oxidative stress.
  • The impact of glucose variability on oxidative stress is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of managing all aspects of dysglycemia.
  • To highlight therapeutic strategies targeting glucose variability.
  • To identify emerging antidiabetic agents for comprehensive glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on hyperglycemia and glucose variability.
  • Analysis of the role of oxidative stress in diabetes complications.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic targets for reducing glucose instability.

Main Results:

  • Both chronic hyperglycemia and acute glucose fluctuations contribute to oxidative stress.
  • Reducing A1C, fasting, postprandial, and variable glucose levels is crucial.
  • Agents targeting postprandial glucose excursions are key for managing glucose instability.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive antidiabetic strategy must minimize all components of dysglycemia.
  • Emerging therapies, including glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, are promising.
  • The incretin pathway offers a valuable target for managing glucose variability and improving diabetes outcomes.