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In vitro Mutagenesis

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

In-situ Hybridization

In-situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
A probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to corresponding nucleotide sequences in a cell. Many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

Published on: September 20, 2016

In vitro transcription.

R T Kamakaka¹, W L Kraus

¹NICHD, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Current Protocols in Cell Biology

|January 30, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details methods for creating cell extracts that accurately mimic in vivo transcription for in vitro transcription assays. These protocols enable the study of transcription factors using DNA or chromatin templates.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

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Published on: September 20, 2016

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In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

Published on: November 13, 2014

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Accurate in vitro transcription requires cell extracts that replicate in vivo conditions.
Understanding transcription necessitates reliable experimental systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe protocols for generating cell extracts for in vitro transcription.
To enable the study of transcription factors and processes.

Main Methods:

Preparation of extracts from mammalian cells and Drosophila embryos.
Utilizing naked DNA and chromatin templates for transcription reactions.
Employing primer extension analysis for transcript characterization.

Main Results:

Generated extracts are competent for in vitro transcription.
Protocols are applicable to both naked DNA and chromatin templates.
The methods allow for detailed analysis of transcription products.

Conclusions:

The described protocols provide a robust system for in vitro transcription studies.
These methods facilitate the investigation of transcription regulation in mammalian and Drosophila systems.