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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

High-Speed Human Temporal Bone Sectioning for the Assessment of COVID-19-Associated Middle Ear Pathology
Published on: May 18, 2022
Bone-conduction propagation in the human body: implications for high-frequency therapy
Martin L Lenhardt1, Abraham Shulman, Barbara A Goldstein
1Ceres Biotechnology, LLC, Program in Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0168, USA. lenhardt@vcu.edu
Abstract:
We assessed ultrasonic transmission in a dry skull; in a dry skull with water, simulating the living condition; in a cadaver head; and in six human subjects, one of whom exhibited no measurable hearing. By using these preparations, we concluded that fluid conduction is essential in the propagation of sound across the head, whereas the bone pathway is far less effective in that regard. Thus, there is little ear isolation beyond 10 dB even up to 80 kHz, extending the masking dilemma in cases of unilateral hearing loss.
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