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Maternal thyroid function in early and late pregnancy.

M Nissim1, G Giorda, M Ballabio

  • 1Italian Auxologic Center, IRCCS, University of Milan.

Hormone Research
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
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Pregnancy alters thyroid function, with elevated total T4 and changing free thyroid hormones. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may stimulate thyroid activity, while TSH rhythms remain normal in early pregnancy.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Thyroid function undergoes significant physiological changes during pregnancy.
  • Understanding these adaptations is crucial for maternal and fetal health.
  • Previous studies show variations in thyroid hormones and TSH during gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate thyroid function dynamics throughout pregnancy in healthy women.
  • To assess the relationship between thyroid hormones, TSH, and hCG.
  • To evaluate the neuroregulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 12 healthy euthyroid women during and after pregnancy.
  • Measured serum total T4 (TT4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), free T4 (fT4), free T3 (fT3), and TSH.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Evaluated 24-hour TSH profiles in early pregnancy.

    • Main Results:

    • TT4 and TBG levels increased significantly during pregnancy.
    • fT4 and fT3 levels showed a slight initial rise then declined in late pregnancy.
    • TSH levels remained comparable to postpartum values initially, with a moderate upward trend later.
    • TSH circadian rhythm and nocturnal surge were preserved in early pregnancy.
    • A negative correlation between TSH and hCG suggests hCG may stimulate thyroid hormone output.

    Conclusions:

    • Early pregnancy thyroid stimulation involves factors beyond TSH, potentially including hCG.
    • The pituitary-thyroid axis neuroregulation is preserved in early pregnancy.
    • Late pregnancy shows altered thyroid homeostasis with decreased free thyroid hormones and normal TSH, indicating complex etiological factors.