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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Ultrasonography01:17

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a handheld device called a...
Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan01:25

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Ultrasound I: Abdominal Ultrasonography01:20

Ultrasound I: Abdominal Ultrasonography

Introduction:
Abdominal ultrasonography, commonly known as abdominal ultrasound, is a vital, non-invasive medical imaging technique widely used in healthcare.
Procedure:
This diagnostic tool allows the clinician to visually inspect internal structures within the abdomen, including vital organs such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and spleen.
The abdominal ultrasound process begins with applying a special gel to the patient's skin over the abdomen. This gel enhances the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Echo Particle Image Velocimetry
16:31

Echo Particle Image Velocimetry

Published on: December 27, 2012

Ultrasound pulse-echo reflection from test object cylindrical reflectors.

A Goldstein, B N Hung

    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
    |January 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study identifies optimal strong reflectors for ultrasound test objects. Metallic and plastic cylinders meeting specific wavelength-to-diameter ratios provide useful echoes for calibration and testing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Ultrasonic Testing
    • Acoustics

    Background:

    • Standard reference reflectors are crucial for accurate pulse-echo ultrasound measurements.
    • Identifying optimal materials for these reflectors is essential for reliable test objects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine which strong reflectors are most effective for use in ultrasound test objects.
    • To compare the performance of various metallic and plastic cylindrical reflectors against a planar reference reflector.

    Main Methods:

    • Measurements of echo temporal voltage waveforms and frequency spectra were conducted.
    • Various metallic and plastic cylindrical reflectors were tested and compared to a planar reference reflector.
    • Mechanical and corrosion data were considered alongside acoustic performance.

    Main Results:

    • Undistorted echoes were obtained from metallic cylinders when lambda > 3D and large attenuating plastic cylinders when lambda << D.
    • Thin stainless steel type 302, nickel, and molybdenum wires, along with thick Oilon Pv 80 rods, were identified as good reflectors.
    • Mechanical resonant frequencies of metallic cylinders showed potential as temperature-independent frequency standards.
    • Thin Teflon cylinders demonstrated utility for transducer axial resolution measurement.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific metallic and plastic cylinders are suitable as strong reflectors in ultrasound test objects.
    • The findings provide guidance for selecting materials for reliable ultrasound calibration and testing.
    • Mechanical resonant frequencies and Teflon cylinders offer additional applications in ultrasound metrology.