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Related Concept Videos

Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides02:48

Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides

This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

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Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors
06:41

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Published on: February 25, 2011

Alcohol intervention--what works?

Nicole K Lee1, Elizabeth Moore

  • 1Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Fitzroy, Victoria. nicole.lee@turningpoint.org.au

Australian Family Physician
|February 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General practitioners can effectively reduce alcohol consumption through opportunistic screening and brief interventions. For alcohol dependence, intensive treatment, potentially including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, offers better outcomes.

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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Area of Science:

  • Primary Care Medicine
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • General practice manages most community alcohol-related issues.
  • Early screening and interventions by GPs impact morbidity and mortality.
  • GPs are crucial in managing alcohol dependence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss risky drinking and alcohol problem prevalence.
  • Outline evidence-based primary care approaches for alcohol issues.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evidence-based approaches for alcohol problems in primary care.
  • Focus on screening and brief interventions (SBIs).
  • Discussion of treatment for alcohol dependence.

Main Results:

  • Opportunistic screening and SBIs significantly reduce hazardous/harmful drinking.
  • SBIs are cost-effective and easily implemented in general practice.
  • Alcohol pharmacotherapy may offer modest benefits for dependence.

Conclusions:

  • General practice interventions can substantially lower alcohol consumption.
  • Patients with alcohol dependence need intensive treatment, possibly combined therapies.
  • Pharmacotherapy combined with cognitive behavioral therapy may improve outcomes for alcohol dependence.