Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice
Published on: February 18, 2015
Risk indicators for HIV-associated jointly occurring oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia
Amit Chattopadhyay1, Lauren L Patton
1Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Room# 206-C, 121 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. achat4@email.uky.edu
Abstract:
Joint occurrence of two or more diseases may impact their transmission, clinical presentation, management approaches, and treatment efficacy. Although oral candidiasis (OC) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) are the most commonly occurring opportunistic oral diseases of HIV-infected patients, literature describing their joint occurrence is sparse. The purpose of this project was to develop an explanatory multivariable model for joint occurrence of OC and OHL (OC-OHL). This cross-sectional study examined 631 adult dentate HIV-1 seropositive persons for OC and OHL from 1995-2000 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. Data collected from medical record review, interviews and clinical examinations were analyzed using chi(2) tests, t itests, and nonparametric tests. Multivariable proportional odds models were developed, using the likelihood ratio test and adjusting for several demographic, behavioral, and biological factors. Thirteen percent of participants had OC only; 12.8% had OHL only; 4.6% had OC-OHL; whereas 69.7% had neither. Occurrence of OC-OHL was independently associated with CD4+ counts less than 200 cells per microliter (adjusted odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval {CI}) = 13.4 (6.6, 27.2) and CD4+ counts 200-499 cells per microliter (OR = 3.9 [1.9, 8.1]); current smokers (OR = 2.3 [1.4, 3.8]); and whites (OR = 1.7 [1.1, 2.5]). Combination antiretroviral therapy was protective (OR = 0.5 [0.3, 0.9]). In an HIV-1-infected population, lower CD4+ cell counts and smoking were important independent risk indicators for joint occurrence of OC and OHL.
Related Concept Videos
Candidiasis
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Amebiasis
Herpes
Assessment of the Mouth
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Sexually Transmitted Infections

