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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Destabilization of Microtubules01:45

Destabilization of Microtubules

The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

Microsatellite instability in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms.

Elliot Mitmaker1, Carlos Alvarado, Louis R Bégin

  • 1Department of Surgery, McGill University, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ellmit@yahoo.com

The Journal of Surgical Research
|February 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is common in thyroid cancer, indicating its role in tumor development. Laser capture microdissection accurately identified MSI in normal and cancerous thyroid tissues.

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genomic alteration linked to thyroid cancer development.
  • Understanding MSI distribution in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency and distribution of MSI in normal and neoplastic thyroid follicular epithelium.
  • To investigate the role of MSI in thyroid cancer pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate cells from normal and tumor thyroid tissues.
  • Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on collected DNA using microsatellite markers.

Main Results:

  • High frequency of MSI observed in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas.
  • Follicular adenomas showed microsatellite stability or low-frequency MSI.
  • Significant difference in MSI frequency between benign adenomas and malignant carcinomas.

Conclusions:

  • MSI plays a significant role in thyroid cancer pathogenesis.
  • Laser capture microdissection is an effective technique for accurate DNA selection in thyroid studies.