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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Complex magnetic susceptibility setup for spectroscopy in the extremely low-frequency range.

B W M Kuipers1, I A Bakelaar, M Klokkenburg

  • 1Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.w.m.kuipers@uu.nl

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|February 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new sensitive differential transformer measures magnetic susceptibility spectra. This setup enables studying magnetic colloidal particle dynamics across a wide frequency range.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Studying magnetic colloidal particle dynamics requires sensitive measurement techniques.
  • Characterizing magnetic susceptibility across a broad frequency range is crucial for understanding material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a sensitive balanced differential transformer for measuring complex initial parallel magnetic susceptibility spectra.
  • To enable the study of rotational dynamics of magnetic colloidal particles at low frequencies with minimal perturbation.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a novel multilayered cylindrical coil system with a large sample volume and high number of secondary turns (55,000).
  • Utilizing a dual-channel function generator and a dual-phase differential lock-in amplifier for precise AC current and voltage measurements.
  • Measuring multiple vector quantities at each frequency to capture comprehensive magnetic response.

Main Results:

  • The setup demonstrates a high signal-to-noise ratio for induced voltage measurements.
  • Successful characterization of magnetic colloidal dispersions with susceptibilities ranging from -10^-5 (pure water) to >1 (concentrated ferrofluids).
  • Electrical impedance characteristics of the coils were presented.

Conclusions:

  • The developed differential transformer is a sensitive and versatile tool for magnetic susceptibility measurements.
  • The system effectively probes the dynamics of magnetic colloidal systems over a wide frequency spectrum (0.01-1000 Hz).
  • This technique provides valuable insights into the magnetic properties and particle behavior in colloidal dispersions.