Bioinspired Artificial Cilia and Applications

Biological cilia are prevalent organelles found in a wide range of human organs. Despite their small size, natural cilia feature exquisite and intricate architecture and play an important role in human life. For example, motile cilia in the brain and lung are responsible for fluid propulsion and particle removal. Furthermore, primary cilia in the epidermis and inner ear have sensitive detection capabilities for pressure and sound. Over the last three decades, researchers have created various artificial cilia inspired by the architecture and multifunctional capabilities of natural cilia. Artificial cilia have evolved as a versatile biomimetic platform with promising applications in robotics, transportation, adhesion regulation, optical regulation, sensing, and drug delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research advances in artificial cilia. First, the structural and functional features of natural cilia, as well as the key developments in artificial cilia, are outlined. Subsequently, various fabrication strategies, actuation mechanisms, and cutting-edge applications of artificial cilia are further explored. Finally, the main challenges and future research directions toward realizing artificial ciliary systems that more closely mimic the performance of their natural counterparts are discussed.