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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...

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Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

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Published on: September 20, 2020

The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory.

Nachshon Meiran1, Yoav Kessler

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. nmeiran@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|February 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reaction time task rule congruency effects (RT-TRCEs) are faster responses when task rules align. This study shows RT-TRCEs emerge with practice, especially for abstract, overlearned response codes, suggesting memory activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Reaction time task rule congruency effects (RT-TRCEs) demonstrate faster responses when task rules align.
  • The underlying cognitive mechanisms of RT-TRCEs are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that RT-TRCEs reflect activated, overlearned response category codes in long-term memory.
  • To investigate the role of practice and abstract response coding in RT-TRCE development.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed reaction time tasks under varying conditions of prior practice and task rule abstractness.
  • RT-TRCEs were measured by comparing response times for congruent versus incongruent task rules.
  • The relationship between RT-TRCE magnitude, response slowness, and task familiarity was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • RT-TRCEs were absent when no pre-existing response codes were available.
  • RT-TRCEs emerged after tasks were practiced.
  • Practice effects were significant only when tasks allowed for the formation of abstract response category codes.

Conclusions:

  • RT-TRCEs are likely mediated by the activation of overlearned response category codes.
  • Abstract response coding, developed through practice, is crucial for RT-TRCEs.
  • The findings have implications for understanding task-switching, memory, and prefrontal cortex functions.