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Related Concept Videos

Doppler Effect - II01:05

Doppler Effect - II

The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
Doppler Effect - I00:56

Doppler Effect - I

The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Consider an observer standing on a street corner, observing an ambulance with a siren sound passing by at a constant speed. The observer experiences two characteristic changes in the sound of the siren. Initially, the sound increases in loudness as the ambulance approaches and decreases in...
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...
Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound01:19

Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound

To obtain accurate blood pressure measurements in clinical settings, especially when traditional methods are insufficient, healthcare professionals utilize the Doppler ultrasound technique. This method uses high-frequency sound waves to detect blood flow within the arteries, which is crucial for patients with conditions that complicate circulatory system assessment.
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Assessment:
Preparation of Equipment:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

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Detection techniques for validating Doppler estimates in heterodyne lidar.

B J Rye, R M Hardesty

    Applied Optics
    |March 20, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study shows likelihood ratio detection effectively distinguishes valid from spurious Doppler estimates in heterodyne lidar, even at low signal levels. This method offers a theoretically superior approach for data analysis and reprocessing.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric science
    • Optical remote sensing
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Heterodyne lidar systems are crucial for atmospheric measurements.
    • Accurate Doppler velocity estimation is vital for lidar data interpretation.
    • Low signal-to-noise ratios pose challenges for reliable data detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of likelihood ratio (LR) detection for discriminating Doppler estimates from heterodyne lidar.
    • To assess the performance of LR detection at low signal levels using simulated data.
    • To compare LR-based detection with other techniques and explore data reprocessing capabilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulated heterodyne lidar Doppler estimates were generated.
    • The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) was used to define acceptable versus spurious estimates.

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  • Conditional false alarm probability was analyzed as an upper bound for spurious estimate selection.

    • Main Results:

    • Likelihood ratio detection demonstrates a strong ability to discriminate between valid and spurious Doppler estimates.
    • The conditional false alarm probability serves as an approximate upper bound for spurious estimate selection.
    • The LR method shows theoretical advantages over other detection functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Likelihood ratio detection is a robust technique for heterodyne lidar Doppler estimates, particularly at low signal levels.
    • The LR method provides a foundation for reprocessing rejected data using accepted estimates and contextual information.
    • This approach enhances the reliability and utility of lidar-derived atmospheric data.