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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Published on: August 23, 2018

Reversible in situ catalyst formation.

Jason P Hallett¹, Pamela Pollet, Charles L Liotta

¹School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Specialty Separations Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|February 7, 2008

Summary

This study introduces novel self-neutralizing acid catalysts that eliminate waste in organic synthesis. These green chemistry catalysts improve efficiency and economics by integrating neutralization into the reaction system.

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Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Catalysis
Organic Synthesis

Background:

Industrial acid catalysis generates significant waste from neutralization.
Current methods pose environmental and economic challenges due to salt byproduct disposal.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and present novel self-neutralizing acid catalysts.
To demonstrate their advantages in waste reduction and process efficiency.
To explore their application in various organic synthesis reactions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing near-critical water as a tunable acid/base catalyst.
Employing alkylcarbonic acids formed from alcohols and CO2.
Investigating peroxycarbonic acids derived from peroxide and CO2.
Analyzing phase behavior and mass transfer characteristics.

Main Results:

Self-neutralizing catalysts eliminate waste generation.
Improved selectivity and reduced byproducts observed.
Enhanced reaction rates due to minimized mass transfer limitations.
Facilitated separations and recycling promote green chemistry.

Conclusions:

Self-neutralizing catalysts offer significant environmental and economic benefits.
These catalysts are applicable to diverse organic reactions, including ketal formation, dye synthesis, and epoxidation.
The developed methods hold potential for widespread industrial adoption.