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Methods of Obtaining Topography01:25

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques
11:34

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

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Temporal phase unwrapping: application to surface profiling of discontinuous objects.

H O Saldner, J M Huntley

    Applied Optics
    |May 1, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    Temporal phase unwrapping analyzes projected-fringe phase maps to measure surface height accurately. This technique easily profiles objects with height discontinuities, unlike conventional spatial methods.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Surface Profilometry
    • Image Processing

    Background:

    • Surface profilometry commonly uses projected-fringe phase-shifting techniques.
    • Conventional spatial phase-unwrapping struggles with height discontinuities, leading to indeterminate phase jumps.
    • Absolute surface height measurement is crucial for accurate 3D surface characterization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze phase maps from a surface profilometer using temporal phase unwrapping.
    • To demonstrate the advantage of temporal phase unwrapping for profiling objects with height discontinuities.
    • To evaluate the relationship between the number of phase maps and height error.

    Main Methods:

    • Acquisition of a sequence of phase maps with changing fringe pitch.

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  • Independent temporal phase unwrapping at each pixel.
  • Analysis of phase maps generated by a projected-fringe phase-shifting surface profilometer.

    • Main Results:

    • Temporal phase unwrapping successfully provides an absolute measure of surface height.
    • Objects with height discontinuities are profiled as easily as smooth objects.
    • Height error decreases inversely with the number of phase maps used.

    Conclusions:

    • Temporal phase unwrapping is a robust technique for surface profilometry.
    • This method overcomes limitations of conventional spatial phase-unwrapping for discontinuous surfaces.
    • Increased number of phase maps enhances the accuracy of absolute surface height measurement.