Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Phylum Cyanobacteria01:30

Bacterial Phylum Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of oxygenic, phototrophic bacteria that played a pivotal role in converting Earth’s atmosphere from anoxic to oxygen-rich billions of years ago. They exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, ranging from unicellular forms to filamentous types, with cell sizes varying between 0.5 μm and 100 μm. Cyanobacteria are classified into five groups: Chroococcales (unicellular, dividing by binary fission), Pleurocapsales (unicellular, dividing by multiple fission),...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Engineering of a LysG-derived arginine-specific biosensor for high-throughput screening of arginine overproducers in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Biotechnology for biofuels and bioproducts·2026
Same author

3D-Printed lithium disilicate-resin composites with bioinspired toughening radial-concentric architecture for dental restorations.

Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials·2026
Same author

Anoxic photo-oxidation of Mn(II)-bearing carbonates on Mars and early Earth.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Genome-scale functional mapping of the mammalian whole brain with in vivo Perturb-seq.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Post-Heatwave Coral Health Coincides With Host-Specific Symbiodiniaceae-Bacteria Consortia.

Environmental microbiology·2026
Same author

Multi-omics analyses of evolved <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> mutants reveal the molecular responses to formaldehyde stress.

Synthetic and systems biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Chemotactic self-organization captures the dynamics of mammalian hair follicle patterning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Tomographic imaging of superconducting order using particle-hole interference.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inferring epidemiological parameters under an infectious phylogeography model with visitor dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Analytical modeling for suction cup designs for skin-interfaced wearable devices.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Improving cell-free metabolism through direct integration of artificial respiratory chains.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography
09:47

Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography

Published on: July 17, 2018

Genome evolution in cyanobacteria: the stable core and the variable shell.

Tuo Shi1, Paul G Falkowski

  • 1Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyanobacteria

More Related Videos

Adaptation at the Extremes of Life: Experimental Evolution with the Extremophile Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
08:11

Adaptation at the Extremes of Life: Experimental Evolution with the Extremophile Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Published on: June 14, 2024

Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species
11:45

Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Published on: May 29, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography
09:47

Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography

Published on: July 17, 2018

Adaptation at the Extremes of Life: Experimental Evolution with the Extremophile Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
08:11

Adaptation at the Extremes of Life: Experimental Evolution with the Extremophile Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Published on: June 14, 2024

Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species
11:45

Generation of Marked and Markerless Mutants in Model Cyanobacterial Species

Published on: May 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cyanobacteria are unique prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis, crucial for Earth's evolution.
  • Genomic data offers insights into the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of cyanobacteria is essential for understanding early life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis using genomic data.
  • To identify core genes and their evolutionary patterns in cyanobacteria.
  • To establish a robust framework for cyanobacterial phylogeny.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of 682 orthologous protein families across 13 cyanobacterial genomes.
  • Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) to identify genes with conserved evolutionary trajectories.
  • Construction of phylogenetic trees using 16S rRNA, concatenated orthologous proteins, and the core gene set.

Main Results:

  • Significant phylogenetic incongruence was observed among protein families.
  • A core set of 323 genes with conserved evolutionary paths was identified.
  • The core gene set is highly conserved and involved in photosynthesis and ribosomal functions.
  • Gene clusters suggest interactions influencing evolutionary rates.
  • Phylogenetic analyses indicate the ancestral cyanobacterium was thermophilic and did not fix nitrogen.

Conclusions:

  • Macromolecular interactions in core cellular machinery constrain horizontal gene transfer, preserving gene clusters.
  • The identified core gene set provides a reliable basis for robust cyanobacterial phylogeny.
  • The ancestral cyanobacterium likely thrived in high temperatures and lacked nitrogen-fixing capabilities.