Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural characterization, proton conductivity and furfural catalysis of novel polyfunctional zirconium phosphonates.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Clays for Low-Carbon Cements: Overview, Progress, and Challenges.

Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ)·2026
Same author

Synergistic Influence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nanosilica Powder on Mechanical Performance of Mortar with Demolished Concrete Waste Aggregate and Polypropylene Fibers Addition Using Taguchi Design of Experiment.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Weak noncovalent interactions in 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-linked adamantyl derivatives: experimental and computational insights into their potential as antiproliferative agents.

Frontiers in chemistry·2025
Same author

Next-generation cobalt hybrid material: structural, luminescence, and dielectric properties for advanced functional applications.

RSC advances·2025
Same author

4D Synchrotron X‑ray Nanoimaging for Early Age Cement Curing: Where Are We and Where Should We Go?

Accounts of materials research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Structure and electrons in mayenite electrides.

Luis Palacios1, Aurelio Cabeza, Sebastián Bruque

  • 1Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.

Inorganic Chemistry
|February 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied inorganic electrides derived from mayenite. They experimentally proved the electride nature of black mayenite, revealing localized electrons within cages, advancing materials chemistry.

More Related Videos

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
09:13

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
09:13

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Inexpensive inorganic compounds with enhanced capabilities are sought in materials chemistry.
  • Stable inorganic electrides, derived from nanoporous mayenite ([Ca12Al14O32]O), exhibit unique electronic conductivity and transparency.
  • Understanding the structure and free-electron loading in these cubic materials is a fundamental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct an accurate structural investigation of three members of the [Ca12Al14O32]O(1-delta)e(2delta) series (delta = 0, 0.15, and 0.45).
  • To unravel the complex structural disorder associated with oxide anions within mayenite cages.
  • To provide the first experimental evidence for the electride nature of black mayenite.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal low-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • Detailed structural analysis was performed on the synthesized mayenite compounds.
  • Electron density mapping was utilized to identify electron localization.

Main Results:

  • The complex structural disorder within the mayenite cages was successfully resolved.
  • For delta = 0.45 black mayenite, electron density was observed localized at the center of the cages.
  • This observation provides the first experimental confirmation of their electride characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides crucial structural insights into inorganic electrides derived from mayenite.
  • The experimental proof of electride nature in black mayenite opens new avenues for materials design.
  • These findings challenge theoretical models, prompting advancements in predictive capabilities for this material class.