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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Hydrogen-bond-mediated asymmetric catalysis.

Xinhong Yu1, Wei Wang2,1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|February 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids effectively use hydrogen bonding for asymmetric organocatalysis. These privileged functional groups enable unique activation modes for diverse organic transformations.

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Asymmetric Synthesis

Background:

  • Hydrogen bonding is a key force in asymmetric organocatalysis.
  • Recent advances have significantly expanded its applications.
  • Chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids are prominent catalyst classes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key aspects of hydrogen-bond-mediated asymmetric organocatalysis.
  • To highlight the role of chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids.
  • To showcase their unique activation modes and broad applicability.

Main Methods:

  • Focus review summarizing recent advances.
  • Emphasis on catalysis by chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids.
  • Illustrative examples of catalytic transformations.

Main Results:

  • Chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids demonstrate effective H-bond activation.
  • These catalysts activate electrophiles like C=O, C=N, aziridines, and epoxides.
  • Successful application in single-step and cascade asymmetric reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Chiral ureas, thioureas, diols, and phosphoric acids are privileged functional groups in organocatalyst design.
  • They offer unique and effective activation strategies for asymmetric synthesis.
  • Their utility spans a broad range of organic transformations.