Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 7, 2026
10:39
Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
The development of a questionnaire for evaluating process-oriented group supervision during nursing education
Barbro Arvidsson1, Ingela Skärsäter, Amir Baigi
1School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University, P.O. Box 823, SE 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden. barbro.arvidsson@hos.hh.se
Nurse Education in Practice
|February 23, 2008
Summary
This study developed and validated the Process-oriented Group Supervision Questionnaire (PGSQ) for nursing students. The 18-item PGSQ demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties for evaluating supervision effects.
Area of Science:
- Nursing Education
- Psychometrics
- Supervision
Background:
- Evaluating process-oriented group supervision in nursing education is challenging due to limitations in existing assessment tools.
- There is a need for reliable and valid instruments to measure the impact of supervision on nursing students.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire for assessing process-oriented group supervision.
- To evaluate the effects of this supervision on nursing students throughout their three-year education.
Main Methods:
- A 55-item Process-oriented Group Supervision Questionnaire (PGSQ) was developed based on literature and student input (N=176).
- Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to test construct validity and internal consistency reliability over three years.
- The questionnaire was reduced to 18 items across three factors: educative, supportive, and developmental.
Main Results:
- The final 18-item PGSQ demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.89 (Year 1), 0.94 (Year 2), and 0.93 (Year 3).
- Factor analysis confirmed three distinct factors (educative, supportive, developmental) explaining substantial variance (60.2%-71.8%).
- The reduced questionnaire showed satisfactory validity and reliability.
Conclusions:
- The 18-item PGSQ is a psychometrically sound and practical tool for evaluating process-oriented group supervision in nursing education.
- This validated instrument can aid in assessing the effectiveness of supervision on nursing student development.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation
Evaluation of the teaching process enables the nurse to determine if the patient's learning needs were met and if training was effective. If the expected outcomes are not met, the care plan is revised, and additional education or reinforcement is provided. Nurses can ask questions after the session or obtain feedback to assess the patient's understanding of the topic.
Nurses can use several methods to evaluate patient outcomes. For example, oral questions can assess cognitive learning, patient...
Nurses can use several methods to evaluate patient outcomes. For example, oral questions can assess cognitive learning, patient...
01:15Nursing Evaluation
The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
Section...
Section...
01:24Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching I: Assessment and Diagnosis
The nursing process provides a clinical decision-making framework for patients and families to establish and implement a personalized care plan. Since part of the nurse's duties is to teach patients, the steps of the nursing process are the most effective way to approach instruction. The nursing process and the teaching-learning process are inextricably linked.
It is critical to determine the patient's learning needs during the assessment. Determination of learning needs compounds data from the...
It is critical to determine the patient's learning needs during the assessment. Determination of learning needs compounds data from the...
01:25Fundamentals of Nursing Process II
There are several characteristics related to delivering nursing care. One vital characteristic of the nursing process is that it can be used to protect nurses and justify the provided care. Productive use of the nursing process requires the knowledge and skills of nurses to assess and solve issues. Nurses should develop and strengthen their critical thinking skills and evidence-based nursing interventions to improve their skills in formulating nursing care plans. A well-defined approach to...
01:27Fundamentals of Nursing Process I
The nursing process is the core of practice for every registered nurse to deliver holistic, patient-focused care. The following are the five steps in the nursing process.
01:24Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation
Planning for learning involves the development of a teaching plan. Teaching plans are similar to nursing care plans—both follow the steps of the nursing process. Planning in the teaching process involves setting goals and outcomes. Here, goals identify what a patient needs to achieve to understand a healthcare topic better, whereas the outcomes are the action to be performed by the patient to achieve the goal within a timeframe. For example, if the goal is to educate the patient about insulin...