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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

[Arterioveinous dural malformation in ENT].

A Batuecas Caletrío1, A Muñoz Herrera, P Blanco Pérez

  • 1Hospital Universitario de Salamanca. abatuc@yahoo.es

Anales Otorrinolaringologicos Ibero-Americanos
|February 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Arteriovenous dural malformations (MAVDs) are rare vascular anomalies. Early diagnosis is crucial, especially when patients present with pulsatile tinnitus and normal otoscopy, as MAVDs can be a cause.

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Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
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Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
10:35

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Otolaryngology

Context:

  • Arteriovenous dural malformations (MAVDs) represent a rare category of cranial vascular anomalies.
  • The etiology of MAVDs is not well understood, and treatment approaches vary significantly.
  • MAVDs can manifest with diverse clinical presentations, including auditory symptoms.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of arteriovenous dural malformations (MAVDs).
  • To underscore the importance of considering MAVDs in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile tinnitus.
  • To present a case series of MAVDs, focusing on their presentation and management.

Summary:

  • Eleven cases of MAVDs were reviewed, revealing this rare vascular anomaly.
  • Five of the presented cases exhibited pulsatile tinnitus as a primary symptom.
  • The findings emphasize the need to rule out MAVDs in patients with pulsatile tinnitus and normal otoscopic examination.

Impact:

  • This study emphasizes the critical role of neurovascular imaging in diagnosing MAVDs presenting with tinnitus.
  • It guides clinicians to consider MAVDs in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile tinnitus, potentially leading to earlier and more effective treatment.
  • Understanding the varied presentations of MAVDs can improve patient outcomes and reduce diagnostic delays for this rare condition.