Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The AI-based phase-seeding (AI-PhaSeed) method: early applications and statistical analysis.

Journal of applied crystallography·2026
Same author

<i>SUNBIM 4.0</i> software: new developments in small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering data analysis for scanning mode and grazing-incidence geometry.

Journal of applied crystallography·2025
Same author

Characterization of VitE-TPGS Micelles Linked to Poorly Soluble Pharmaceutical Compounds Exploiting Pair Distribution Function's Moments.

Pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

The phase-seeding method for solving non-centrosymmetric crystal structures: a challenge for artificial intelligence.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2025
Same author

Microcalcifications in breast cancer tissue studied by X-ray absorption, emission, scattering and diffraction.

Journal of applied crystallography·2025
Same author

Characterization of Surfactant Spheroidal Micelle Structure for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Novel Analytical Framework.

Pharmaceutics·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Diffraction theory applied to X-ray imaging with clessidra prism array lenses.

Liberato De Caro1, Werner Jark

  • 1Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, I-70125 Bari, Italy. liberato.decaro@ic.cnr.it

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|February 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Clessidra lenses, a type of X-ray focusing optic, utilize diffraction and refraction for blazing, concentrating X-ray beams. This study shows they can achieve high spatial resolution by focusing diffracted X-rays into a single intense peak.

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
06:46

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

Published on: August 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
06:46

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

Published on: August 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Optics
  • Materials Science
  • X-ray Physics

Background:

  • Clessidra lenses, composed of smaller prisms, can focus X-rays.
  • Their periodic structure causes X-ray diffraction, similar to a diffraction grating.
  • Refraction within the prisms leads to blazing, concentrating diffracted intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply diffraction theory to clessidra structures.
  • To investigate blazing in clessidra lenses under coherent X-ray radiation.
  • To determine the spatial resolution achievable with these lenses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of X-ray diffraction in the Fresnel regime.
  • Modeling of clessidra lenses with perfect and partly curved prisms.
  • Simulation of coherent X-ray beam interaction with the lens structure.

Main Results:

  • Blazing concentrates diffracted intensity into a single peak for perfect, partly curved clessidra lenses.
  • Identical perfect prisms result in small secondary diffraction peaks.
  • Intensity loss in the central peak does not significantly widen it, maintaining high resolution.

Conclusions:

  • Clessidra lenses can achieve high spatial resolution with coherent X-ray radiation.
  • The Fresnel regime is appropriate for analyzing diffraction in these lenses.
  • Optimized clessidra structures offer efficient X-ray focusing and high resolution.