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Related Concept Videos

Transgenic Plants02:50

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
09:32

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Published on: November 8, 2017

Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion.

Rita Batista1, Nelson Saibo, Tiago Lourenço

  • 1Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal. rita.batista@insa.min-saude.pt

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Both genetic engineering and mutagenesis can alter gene expression in plants. Mutagenized plants showed more extensive gene expression changes than genetically modified (GM) plants, suggesting case-by-case safety assessments are needed for all improved varieties.

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Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis
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Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

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Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice
06:10

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice

Published on: September 2, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
09:32

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Published on: November 8, 2017

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis
08:36

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Published on: July 16, 2019

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice
06:10

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice

Published on: September 2, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Public debate on genetically modified (GM) plants often overlooks conventionally bred varieties, such as those developed through mutagenesis.
  • Both mutagenesis and transgenesis modify plant traits, but their impact on gene expression is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the extent of transcriptome modifications in rice plants improved through transgenesis versus mutation breeding.
  • To investigate whether mutagenized plants should be regulated differently from transgenic plants.

Main Methods:

  • Oligonucleotide microarrays were used to analyze gene expression in rice.
  • Gene expression was compared between four types of modified rice (mutant, M1, transgenic, T1) and their unmodified controls.

Main Results:

  • Both mutagenesis and transgenesis can induce stress, leading to altered expression of untargeted genes in improved plant varieties.
  • Transcriptome alterations were more extensive in mutagenized rice plants than in transgenic rice plants across all studied cases.

Conclusions:

  • Plant improvement via mutagenesis or transgenesis can result in unintended gene expression changes.
  • Safety assessments for improved plant varieties should be conducted on a case-by-case basis, not solely for GM foods.