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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Bladder cancer in Africa.

C F Heyns1, A van der Merwe

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.

The Canadian Journal of Urology
|February 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bladder cancer epidemiology in Africa is poorly documented. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) linked to schistosomiasis is common, but increasing urbanization may favor transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health in Africa

Background:

  • Accurate bladder cancer incidence and mortality data are scarce across most African nations.
  • Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is less prevalent in rural Africa due to lower chemical carcinogen exposure.
  • Schistosomiasis endemicity significantly influences bladder cancer histology, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being predominant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiological landscape of bladder cancer in Africa.
  • To highlight the distinct etiological factors and clinical presentations of TCC and SCC.
  • To discuss the implications for diagnosis and treatment in the African context.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on bladder cancer in Africa.

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  • Analysis of factors influencing the relative incidence of TCC versus SCC.
  • Examination of age, sex distribution, and etiological associations (schistosomiasis, urbanization, smoking).

    • Main Results:

    • SCC is prevalent in schistosomiasis-endemic areas, often affecting younger patients compared to TCC.
    • Urbanization, industrialization, and smoking are increasing TCC incidence relative to SCC.
    • SCC tumors, though often advanced, are typically well-differentiated with lower metastatic potential than TCC.

    Conclusions:

    • Bladder cancer subtypes in Africa are strongly influenced by schistosomiasis and changing lifestyle factors.
    • SCC patients are often younger and suitable for radical cystectomy and neobladder construction if diagnosed early.
    • Limited access to advanced healthcare facilities hinders optimal treatment for many African patients with bladder cancer.