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Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
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Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
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Standard Operating Procedure for Lyssavirus Surveillance of the Bat Population in Taiwan
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Lagos bat virus in Kenya.

Ivan V Kuzmin1, Michael Niezgoda, Richard Franka

  • 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Bldg. 17, MS G-33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. ikuzmin@cdc.gov

Journal of Clinical Microbiology
|February 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Lagos bat virus (LBV) was detected in Kenyan fruit bats, suggesting saliva transmission and potential human health risks. This finding highlights the need for continued lyssavirus surveillance in bat populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Zoonotic Disease Ecology
  • Bat-borne Pathogen Surveillance

Background:

  • Lyssaviruses, including Lagos bat virus (LBV), are a significant public health concern due to their zoonotic potential.
  • Bat populations are known reservoirs for various lyssaviruses, necessitating ongoing surveillance and characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct lyssavirus surveillance in bat populations in Kenya.
  • To characterize a novel isolate of Lagos bat virus (LBV) and assess its phylogenetic relationship to other isolates.
  • To investigate potential transmission routes and public health implications of LBV in Kenya.

Main Methods:

  • Collection and sampling of 1,221 bats from 30 species across 25 locations in Kenya.
  • Isolation and genetic sequencing of a Lagos bat virus (LBV) from an Eidolon helvum fruit bat.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine the genetic relatedness of the LBV isolate.
  • Detection of viral RNA and infectious virus in various tissues and swabs.
  • Serological screening for LBV-neutralizing antibodies in bat populations.
  • Pathogenicity studies in laboratory mice.

Main Results:

  • One LBV isolate was identified from Eidolon helvum, phylogenetically similar to isolates from Senegal and France.
  • High viral loads were found in the brain, salivary glands, tongue, and reproductive tract, suggesting saliva and reproductive transmission.
  • LBV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in Eidolon helvum (40-67% seroprevalence) and Rousettus aegyptiacus (29-46% seroprevalence).
  • The isolate was pathogenic in mice via intracerebral and intramuscular routes.
  • Bat roosts were found near human populations, indicating potential public health risks.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic stability of LBV suggests adaptation to its bat hosts and efficient pathogen sharing between eastern and western African populations.
  • Saliva and potentially reproductive fluids are likely routes for LBV transmission.
  • The presence of LBV in bats near human settlements raises public health concerns requiring further investigation and preventative measures.