Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dementia

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Co-occurring medical and behavioural conditions in children with Down syndrome with or without ADHD symptom presentation.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR·2021

Same author

Protocol for the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) study: a pragmatic, randomised clinical trial.

BMJ open·2016

Same author

External otitis.

Texas state journal of medicine·2010

Same author

Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease.

Neurology·2009

Same author

Delirium is associated with early postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Anaesthesia·2008

Same author

Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction.

Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine·2005

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

The time and change test: a simple screening test for dementia.

S K Inouye¹, J T Robison, T E Froehlich

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

|March 5, 2008

Summary

The Time and Change (T&C) Test is a quick, reliable tool for dementia screening in older adults. This performance-based test accurately detects cognitive impairment in clinical settings.

More Related Videos

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: January 11, 2020

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: January 11, 2020

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Area of Science:

Gerontology
Cognitive Science
Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

Existing dementia screening tools lack widespread adoption in primary care and hospital settings.
There is a need for simple, standardized cognitive assessments for older populations.
The Time and Change (T&C) Test was developed to address these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate the Time and Change (T&C) Test, a performance-based tool for dementia screening.
To assess the T&C Test's accuracy, reliability, and usability in older adults.
To evaluate the T&C Test's potential for widespread clinical use.

Main Methods:

Prospective cohort study involving 776 participants aged 70-98 years.
Validation of T&C Test ratings against the modified Blessed Dementia Rating Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
Assessment of convergent validity, test-retest agreement, and interobserver reliability.

Main Results:

The T&C Test demonstrated high sensitivity (86%), specificity (71%), and negative predictive value (97%).
Strong agreement was observed between the T&C Test and the MMSE (r = .58).
The test showed good test-retest (88%) and interobserver (78%) reliability, taking only 22.9 seconds to complete.

Conclusions:

The T&C Test is a simple, accurate, and reliable tool for dementia detection in older adults.
Its ease of use and real-world nature make it suitable for widespread cognitive screening.
The T&C Test has the potential to improve dementia detection rates in clinical practice.