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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a decrease in the...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient

Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
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Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Structural polymorphism of two CPP: an important parameter of activity.

Sébastien Deshayes1, Marc Decaffmeyer, Robert Brasseur

  • 1Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique (CBMN), Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|March 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) that effectively enter cells are structurally polymorphic, allowing conformational adaptation. Non-permeable variants are monomorphic, suggesting structural flexibility is key for CPP function.

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
08:44

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
08:44

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) facilitate cellular uptake of cargo.
  • Key structural determinants for CPP efficacy remain elusive, hindering rational design.
  • Previous studies highlight challenges in predicting and designing effective CPPs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural characteristics of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) and their variants.
  • To identify common features associated with cellular permeability in CPPs.
  • To explore the role of structural polymorphism in CPP function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Penetratin and Transportan variants with varying cellular uptake.
  • Application of the algorithmic method PepLook for peptide polymorphism analysis.
  • Comparative structural analysis of permeable and non-permeable CPP mutants.

Main Results:

  • Permeable CPPs and their variants (e.g., Penetratin, Transportan) exhibited structural polymorphism.
  • Non-permeable CPP mutants (e.g., Penetratin W48F/W56F, TP08, TP13, TP15) were found to be monomorphic.
  • A correlation was observed between structural polymorphism and cellular internalization capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Structural polymorphism is a critical characteristic of effective CPPs.
  • Polymorphism enables CPPs to adapt their conformation to different environments and binding partners.
  • This finding supports the hypothesis that conformational flexibility is essential for CPP-mediated cellular delivery.