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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
07:25

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Published on: February 12, 2018

Toy-oriented changes during early arm movements IV: shoulder-elbow coordination.

H M Lee1, A Bhat, J P Scholz

  • 1Infant Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.

Infant Behavior & Development
|March 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Infant arm coordination shows developmental changes and consistencies. Shoulder and elbow spatial coordination evolve differently, while velocity coordination matures in all conditions, highlighting biomechanical constraints and spontaneous movement

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental neuroscience
  • Motor control
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Early arm movements are crucial for developing reaching skills.
  • Understanding infant motor development reveals insights into neural control and biomechanical constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coordination of hand and joint kinematics during the pre-reaching period in infants.
  • To test hypotheses about how shoulder and elbow coordination changes as infants approach reach onset.

Main Methods:

  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to kinematic data (hand, shoulder, elbow) from 15 infants.
  • Data were collected biweekly from 8 weeks to reach onset, with and without a toy present.
  • Variance profiles were constructed to analyze the coordinative structure and its developmental shifts.

Main Results:

  • Spatial coordination at the shoulder became more adult-like over development, regardless of toy presence.
  • Elbow spatial coordination improved with a toy but became less adult-like during spontaneous movements.
  • Velocity coordination at both shoulder and elbow matured across all conditions (toy/no-toy).

Conclusions:

  • Developmental changes in coordination suggest distinct roles for shoulder and elbow control.
  • Consistent coordination patterns point to inherent biomechanical constraints simplifying arm control.
  • Spontaneous arm movements play a vital role in the emergence of purposeful reaching.