Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

Muscles of the Eye

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...

Cell Motility through Blebbing

Cell Motility through Blebbing

Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Historical Review of Hemifacial Spasm].

No shinkei geka. Neurological surgery·2024

Same author

[Focal or Segmental Dystonia Resistant to Botulinum Toxin: Re-Evaluation, Surgery, and Botulinum Again].

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo·2022

Same author

Jacqueline du Pré and her alternative diagnosis.

Medical hypotheses·2019

Same author

Phenotype variability and allelic heterogeneity in KMT2B-Associated disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2018

Same author

George Gershwin's death and Duret haemorrhage.

Lancet (London, England)·2017

Same author

Dystonia as a patterned motor malflow.

Medical hypotheses·2017

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Dystonic frowning without blepharospasm.

Nobuyuki Hirota¹, Mari Hirota, Takahiro Mezaki

¹Department of Neurology, Otsu Municipal Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga 520-0804, Japan.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

|March 5, 2008

Summary

This study details two cases of upper facial dystonia presenting with grimacing and frowning, notably without significant eyelid involvement. Botulinum toxin treatment proved effective, highlighting a previously undocumented form of this neurological movement disorder.

More Related Videos

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Neurology
Movement Disorders
Ophthalmology

Background:

Facial dystonia, a type of focal dystonia, often involves involuntary muscle contractions in the face.
Blepharospasm, a common form of dystonia, primarily affects eyelid closure.
Upper facial dystonia typically presents with symptoms impacting the eyelids and forehead.

Observation:

Two patients presented with involuntary facial grimacing and frowning.
One patient had no prior history of blepharospasm.
The second patient experienced only transient difficulty with eyelid opening early in the disease course.

Findings:

The cases represent a hitherto unreported presentation of upper facial dystonia.
Eyelid motor control was not significantly interfered with in either case.
Botulinum toxin injections were an effective treatment for both patients.

Implications:

This presentation expands the known spectrum of upper facial dystonia.
It suggests that dystonia can affect facial muscles without primary eyelid involvement.
Botulinum toxin is a viable therapeutic option for this specific dystonia subtype.