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Related Concept Videos

Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

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Published on: September 27, 2015

[How translation termination factor eRF1 Euplotes does not recognise UGA stop codon].

S A Lekomtsev, P M Kolosov, L Iu Frolova

    Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
    |March 6, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Specific regions in the N-terminal domain of Euplotes aediculatus eRF1 restrict its stop codon recognition, enabling variant genetic codes. This finding sheds light on early evolutionary events in ciliate translation termination.

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    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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    De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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    De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

    Published on: February 18, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Context:

    • Eukaryotic translation termination typically involves a single class-1 translation termination factor (eRF1) decoding all three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA).
    • Some ciliates exhibit variant genetic codes where stop codons are reassigned to encode amino acids, deviating from the universal code.
    • This reassignment implies modifications in the eRF1 protein, particularly in its N-terminal domain responsible for stop codon recognition.

    Purpose:

    • To identify specific amino acid residues in Euplotes aediculatus eRF1 that confer specificity towards UAR (UAA, UAG) stop codons.
    • To investigate the structural basis for restricted stop codon recognition in ciliate eRF1s.

    Summary:

    • Researchers constructed chimeric eRF1 proteins by swapping N-terminal domain sequences between Euplotes aediculatus and human eRF1.
    • Functional analysis revealed that two specific regions (residues 38-50 and 123-145) in the E. aediculatus eRF1 N-terminal domain are crucial for restricting its specificity to UAR codons.
    • These findings suggest that restricted eRF1 specificity may have been an early evolutionary event facilitating stop codon reassignment in ciliates.

    Impact:

    • Provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic code variations.
    • Highlights the role of protein domain evolution in shaping genetic systems.
    • Suggests a potential evolutionary pathway for the emergence of non-universal genetic codes in ciliates.