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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Autophagy-physiology and pathophysiology.

Yasuo Uchiyama1, Masahiro Shibata, Masato Koike

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. y-uchi@anat1.med.osaka-u.ac.jp

Histochemistry and Cell Biology
|March 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy is a vital cellular process for recycling components. Impaired autophagy can lead to neurodegeneration and other severe health issues, highlighting its critical role in homeostasis.

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Published on: July 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway essential for cellular homeostasis and metabolic turnover.
  • Genetic studies reveal critical roles for autophagy-related genes (Atg5, Atg7) in survival and preventing organ damage.
  • Impaired autophagy in the central nervous system (CNS) and liver leads to neurodegeneration and hepatomegaly, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of autophagy.
  • To highlight the importance of autophagy in maintaining cellular functions and preventing disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent genetic studies on autophagy-related genes (Atg5, Atg7).
  • Analysis of tissue-specific impairment of autophagy in CNS and liver models.
  • Investigation of autophagic neuron death in conditional Atg7-deficient mice after hypoxic/ischemic brain injury.

Main Results:

  • Mice lacking Atg5 or Atg7 exhibit severe developmental defects and short survival due to nutrient deficiency.
  • Conditional Atg7 deficiency in CNS leads to neurodegeneration, while in the liver, it causes organelle accumulation and hepatomegaly.
  • Autophagic neuron death was observed in the hippocampus following neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury in Atg7-deficient mice.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy plays a crucial role in preventing cell death under normal conditions.
  • However, specific contexts, like neonatal brain injury, can induce autophagic neuron death.
  • This review underscores the multifaceted involvement of autophagy in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.