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Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...

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Related Experiment Videos

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: an update.

Sun-Young Ahn1, Elizabeth Ingulli

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, La Jolla, California 92093-0815, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|March 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children is a global concern. Recent research highlights key streptococcal antigens, host factors, and varied clinical presentations, aiding diagnosis and potential prevention strategies.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis in children globally.
  • Despite its prevalence, APSGN remains a significant public health issue, particularly in developing nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of APSGN.
  • To summarize current knowledge on host susceptibility factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for APSGN.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes findings from recent epidemiological, immunological, and clinical studies.
  • Key streptococcal antigens and host genetic factors are identified based on published research.

Main Results:

  • Nephritis-associated streptococcal plasmin receptor and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B are implicated as major nephritogens.
  • Host susceptibility is linked to factors like HLA-DRB1*03011; new clinical associations include reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
  • Outcomes in developing countries may be less benign than previously thought, and treatment strategies remain debated.

Conclusions:

  • APSGN, a severe group A streptococcal manifestation, contributes to morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations.
  • Understanding diverse clinical presentations aids prompt diagnosis, while insights into immunopathogenesis may guide vaccine development and prevention efforts.