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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Published on: June 29, 2013
Intrauterine growth restriction: fetal programming of hypertension and kidney disease
Norma B Ojeda1, Daniela Grigore, Barbara T Alexander
1Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
Abstract:
The etiology of hypertension historically includes 2 components: genetics and lifestyle. However, recent epidemiologic studies report an inverse relationship between birth weight and hypertension suggesting that a suboptimal fetal environment may also contribute to increased disease in later life. Experimental studies support this observation and indicate that cardiovascular/kidney disease originates in response to fetal adaptations to adverse conditions during prenatal life.
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