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Related Concept Videos

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, or...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

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Carbonic anhydrases--an overview.

Claudiu T Supuran1

  • 1Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy. claudiu.supuran@unifi.it

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|March 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are vital metalloenzymes involved in CO2 hydration and pH homeostasis across all life. Inhibitors targeting these enzymes show promise for treating various diseases, including cancer and infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Metalloprotein chemistry

Background:

  • Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes with diverse phylogenetic distribution and physiological roles.
  • They catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, crucial for respiration, pH balance, and biosynthesis.
  • Multiple CA gene families exist, with mammals having at least 16 alpha-isoforms, while beta- and delta-CAs are prominent in plants and microbes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure, mechanism, and physiological significance of carbonic anhydrases.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in various medical applications.
  • To underscore the enzyme's importance as a target for drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of carbonic anhydrase research.
  • Analysis of enzyme structure and catalytic mechanisms.
  • Survey of existing and developing CA inhibitor drugs and their applications.

Main Results:

  • Carbonic anhydrases exhibit diverse isoforms and catalyze essential physiological reactions.
  • The catalytic mechanism involves a zinc-coordinated water molecule acting as a nucleophile.
  • Inhibitors, including sulfonamides, are effective against CAs and have applications as diuretics, antiglaucoma agents, and antimicrobials.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonic anhydrases are critical enzymes with broad physiological functions and therapeutic relevance.
  • The development of CA inhibitors offers promising avenues for treating diseases ranging from glaucoma to cancer and infections.
  • Targeting CA isoforms presents an attractive strategy for designing novel biomedical agents.