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Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

Methods of Documentation III: PIE

Methods of Documentation III: PIE

Problem-intervention-evaluation (PIE) is a systematic approach to documentation used in healthcare settings for clinical decision-making and patient care planning. It is a structured approach to organizing patient data based on problems, interventions, and evaluations. Here's a breakdown of its key features and considerations:

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation

Evaluation of the teaching process enables the nurse to determine if the patient's learning needs were met and if training was effective. If the expected outcomes are not met, the care plan is revised, and additional education or reinforcement is provided. Nurses can ask questions after the session or obtain feedback to assess the patient's understanding of the topic.
Nurses can use several methods to evaluate patient outcomes. For example, oral questions can assess cognitive learning, patient...

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Pearls and pitfalls in evaluating a Student Assistance Program: a five-year case study.

Sharon T Wilburn¹, Kenneth T Wilburn, Dax M Weaver

¹Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville 32225, USA. swilburn@unf.edu

Journal of Drug Education

|March 21, 2008

Summary

This study found that a school-based Student Assistance Program (SAP) significantly reduced student drug use and improved internal locus of control over five years. Academic performance did not change, but discipline referrals decreased slightly.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Educational Psychology
Public Health
School Counseling

Background:

Internal Student Assistance Programs (SAP) can support at-risk students.
Expanding SAPs to include tertiary prevention, modeled after Employee Assistance Programs, may enhance effectiveness.
A five-year evaluation is crucial for understanding long-term impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of an urban school district's internal Student Assistance Program (SAP) over five years.
To assess the impact of SAP on student drug use, locus of control, discipline referrals, and academic performance.
To identify factors correlating with program outcomes.

Main Methods:

A five-year evaluation-research case study was conducted.
A stratified random sample of 2,238 students receiving program assistance was analyzed.
Data included drug use, locus of control, discipline referrals, and academic performance.

Main Results:

Statistically significant annual declines in student drug use (p < .05) were observed.
Significant annual improvements in internal locus of control were recorded.
No significant changes in academic performance were found, though discipline referrals showed a non-significant decrease.

Conclusions:

The internal Student Assistance Program (SAP) demonstrated effectiveness in reducing drug use and enhancing internal locus of control among at-risk students.
Program duration, type of assistance, and custody status were significantly correlated with changes in drug use.
Further research may explore strategies to improve academic outcomes within SAP interventions.